The NEO Personality Inventory–Three (NEO PI-R™)
The NEO Personality Inventory (Revised) (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1985, 1992) was designed to measure five primary dimensions of personality (called the Big Five) in normal adults ranging from 20 years to 80 years of age.
The developers of this test used both factor analysis and theory in item development and scale construction.The NEO-PI-3 attempts to provide a multipurpose inventory for predicting interests, health and illness behavior, psychological well-being, and characteristic coping styles.
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Based on their review of extensive factor analytic studies and personality theory, the authors of the NEO-PI-3 identified three broad domains: neuroticism (N), extroversion (E), and openness (O)—thus the name NEO. Each domain has six specific facets.
Neuroticism (N) is defined primarily by anxiety and depression. The six facets of this domain are anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability (describing people who do not feel safe).
Extraversion (E) refers to the degree of sociability or withdrawal a person tends to exhibit. Its six facets are warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, and positive emotions.
Finally, Openness (O) refers to the breadth of experience to which a person is amenable. Its six facets are fantasy, aesthetics, feelings (openness to feelings of self and others), actions (willingness to try new activities), ideas (intellectual curiosity), and values.
The NEO-PI-R has supported what is perhaps becoming one of the most accepted notions in personality and personality assessment—the five-factor model of personality (Costa et al., 2002; Sutin & Costa, 2011).
Recall that through factor analysis, researchers have repeatedly attempted to find the minimum number of independent personality dimensions to describe the human personality. Research with the NEO has supported the notion of the following five dimensions (after Wiggins, 1994):
1. Extroversion is the degree to which a person is sociable, leader-like, and assertive as opposed to withdrawn, quiet, and reserved.
2. Neuroticism is the degree to which a person is anxious and insecure as opposed to calm and self-confident.
3. Conscientiousness is the degree to which a person is persevering, responsible, and organized as opposed to lazy, irresponsible, and impulsive.
4. Agreeableness is the degree to which a person is warm and cooperative as opposed to unpleasant and disagreeable.
5. Openness to experience is the degree to which a person is imaginative and curious as opposed to concrete-minded and narrow in thinking.
The full scale is 240 items with three additional validity-check items, and it takes about 30 minutes to complete. However, a short version of 60 items, the NEO-FFI (NEO Five Factor Inventory), assesses only the five major constructs and takes about 15 minutes to complete. Items on the scale are rated on a five-point scale with the ends anchored with strongly disagree and strongly agree. Forms allow for self-report (Form S) or observer-report (such as spouse, colleague, friend; Form R). The response sheets can be hand- or machine-scored.
Theory and factor-analytic approaches were used in the development of this inventory. The personality dimensions were derived using a lexical approach.
Test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities for the major construct scales are very good (in the high 0.80 to low 0.90 range) but for the facet scales are lower (in the 0.50 to 0.90 range). The shorter form (NEO-FFI) scales also have somewhat lower reliabilities (in the 0.70 to 0.80 range). Validity research suggests that the NEO is a good scale to use in assessing normal versus pathological personality and to predict interests, coping styles, job performance, and a host of other behaviors. Factor analyses of existing personality inventories also support the Big Five as underlying many of the longer lists of personality characteristics.
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